  
Turbine types
 Principle
of construction
- Wing paddle turbine, the traversing wheel of which rotates similar
to a ship's propeller in the water current
- Paddles and empennage are adjustable in order to adopt to changing
water levels and incline variation
Area
of application
- Used primarily in hydro-electric power stations of rivers
- Used with heads of 10 - 70 m
Principle
of construction
- in contrast to the Kaplan turbine, only the paddles of the empennage
are adjustable here
- from a ring-like channel the water streams into the traversing wheel
through different paddles
Area
of application
- Used primarily in storage power stations and pump storage power stations
- Used with heads of 50 - 800 m and huge amounts of water
Output
- the most powerful Francis turbines have an output of up to 800 MW
Principle
of construction
- this turbine has a similar look and physical principle like a classic
water wheel
- there is a maximum of 40 cup-like paddles jointed in two half-cups
each
- water is being squirted through nozzles onto the blades where it is
deflected by 180° and thus gives almost all of its energy to the turbine
Area
of application
- Used with heads up to 1000 m and small amounts of water
- typical turbine for high mountain area power stations
4. Flow-through turbine
Principle
of construction
- turbine with capsulated, cylindrical traversing wheel with crooked
paddles
- water is being fed to the traversing wheel via a two-part empennage,
which is highly effective in semi-load areas
Area
of application
- Used with heads between 1-200 m and water amounts of 500-5000 l; therefore,
the area of application is far-reaching
- with regard to durability flow-through turbines are more temperamental
than Francis, Pelton or Kaplan turbines. Due to low price and good control
these turbines are, however, very successful on the area of small hydro-electric
power stations
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